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The parts of an essay.

英作文の基本 · エッセイの組み立て方

Learn how an essay is built, part by part: the introduction, the thesis and topic sentences. Practice each one, then write your own. Everything is marked instantly.

Step 1

The essay hamburger

ハンバーガーで考えよう · The two buns hold everything together. The filling is where your reasons go.

Introductionhook + background + thesis · 序論
Body paragraph 1your first reason · 理由1
Body paragraph 2your second reason · 理由2
Body paragraph 3your third reason · 理由3
Conclusionthesis restated + summary + final thought · 結論

This plan is called the five-paragraph essay: one introduction, three body paragraphs and one conclusion.

Step 2

Look at a real essay

実際のエッセイを見てみよう · Each color shows a different part. The thesis gives three reasons, and each body paragraph explains one of them.

HookBackgroundThesisTopic sentenceSupporting detailsConcluding sentenceSummaryFinal thought

Why Every Teenager Should Learn to Cook

Imagine coming home hungry and finding nothing to eat but a box of uncooked pasta.HOOK Many teenagers never learn to cook because their parents or the school cafeteria make their meals. However, cooking is a skill that everyone needs sooner or later.BACKGROUND Every teenager should learn to cook because it saves money, leads to healthier eating, and builds independence.THESIS

First, learning to cook saves money.TOPIC SENTENCE A meal at a restaurant usually costs much more than the same meal made at home. For example, a pizza from a restaurant might cost twenty dollars, but a homemade pizza costs only a few dollars for flour, sauce, and cheese.SUPPORTING DETAILS Clearly, cooking at home keeps more money in your pocket.CONCLUDING SENTENCE

In addition, people who cook usually eat healthier food.TOPIC SENTENCE When you cook, you choose exactly what goes into your meal. You can add more vegetables and use less salt, sugar, and oil.SUPPORTING DETAILS Because of this, cooking is an easy way to take care of your health.CONCLUDING SENTENCE

Finally, cooking helps teenagers become more independent.TOPIC SENTENCE In a few years, many students will move away from home for college or work. Those who can make simple meals will not have to depend on fast food or on their parents.SUPPORTING DETAILS In short, cooking is an important step toward taking care of yourself.CONCLUDING SENTENCE

In conclusion, learning to cook is one of the most useful skills a teenager can have.THESIS RESTATED It saves money, supports healthy eating, and prepares young people to live on their own.SUMMARY So the next time someone is making dinner at home, ask if you can help. You might discover a skill you will use for the rest of your life.FINAL THOUGHT

Step 3

Start strong: five ways to begin

序論の書き出し5パターン · Your first sentence is the hook. Here are five ways to make the reader want more. Writers often mix two of them.

1

A question

質問

“Have you ever wondered what life was like before smartphones?”

2

General to specific

一般から具体へ

Start with a big idea, then narrow it down to your topic.

3

A fact or number

事実・統計

“Water covers about 70 percent of the Earth’s surface.”

4

A short story

エピソード

A real moment, like the cooking essay’s “Imagine coming home hungry…”

5

A quotation

引用

“Practice makes perfect,” or words from a famous person.

Practice: which way does each opening use? · どの書き出し方?

1

“Two heads are better than one.” This old saying is the idea behind job sharing, where two people share one full-time job.

2

When my grandfather was ten, he walked two hours to school every day, even in the snow. He never once complained.

3

Have you ever borrowed a friend’s homework “just to check your answers”?

4

Sports have been part of human life for thousands of years. One sport with an especially long history is karate.

5

About one-third of all the food produced in the world is lost or wasted.

Step 4

The thesis formula

主張文の公式 · The thesis is the most important sentence in the essay. It tells the reader what to expect.

Topic+Your opinion+Three reasons
Weak

This essay is about cooking.

Topic only. No opinion and no reasons.
Weak

Cooking is good.

An opinion, but the reader doesn’t know why.
Strong

Every teenager should learn to cook because it saves money, leads to healthier eating, and builds independence.

Topic, opinion and three reasons. Each reason becomes one body paragraph.

A good thesis… · よい主張文とは

  • makes a claim or gives an opinion about the topic. 意見を述べる
  • is specific about the topic. 具体的
  • is clear and direct. 明確でまっすぐ
  • leads the way for the body paragraphs. 本論を導く
  • expresses only one main point. 主張は1つ

The three reasons are called プレディクター: they predict the topics of the body paragraphs. 3つの理由は本論の「予告」です。

Practice: good thesis, or does it need work? · よい主張文?

1

In this essay, I will talk about sports.

2

Schools should start later in the morning because students would sleep more, learn better, and arrive on time.

3

Social media is good and bad, and schools should also have longer holidays.

4

Tokyo has many trains.

5

Learning a second language is worth the effort because it opens doors to new friends, better jobs, and other cultures.

Transitions are the glue: First, In addition, Finally to order reasons; For example to give an example; In conclusion to end. つなぎ言葉で文と文をつなぎます。
Step 5

Thesis or topic sentence?

主張文とトピックセンテンスの違い · They look alike, but they do different jobs.

Thesis sentence · 主張文

Tells the reader what to expect from the whole essay.

  • Specific: an opinion with reasons
  • Usually the last sentence of the introduction
  • One per essay (restated in the conclusion)
Topic sentence · トピックセンテンス

Tells the reader what one paragraph is about.

  • More general: one reason only
  • Usually the first sentence of a body paragraph
  • One for each body paragraph

Practice: topic sentence (To) or thesis (Th)? · To か Th か

1

First, walking to school is good exercise.

2

Every city should build more bike lanes because they make streets safer, cleaner, and quieter.

3

Another reason to keep a diary is that it helps you remember special days.

4

Part-time jobs help high school students learn responsibility, manage money, and meet new people.

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